culture – It's Interesting

By Rowan Hooper

How many ways are there to get a termite to run up a stick? A surprising variety, it turns out. A new analysis of how chimpanzees perform this “termite fishing” has revealed that different groups of the animals have distinct dining cultures, similar to how chopstick use in humans differs across the world.

The idea that non-human animals can even have culture in the sense that humans have it – behaviours and social norms that vary by group – has been controversial. But this study firms up the idea of chimp ethnography, the study of chimp culture, as a viable subject.

Carel van Schaik at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, who wasn’t involved in the research, says the work confirmed beyond any doubt that the variation that has been found among chimpanzees is cultural. “This paper is an absolute milestone in ‘culture in nature’ research,” he says.

Christophe Boesch at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, and his colleagues chose to study termite fishing because it is a widespread behaviour, allowing them to make lots of observations in different communities.

The researchers set up camera traps in 39 different wild chimp communities to record them eating termites, which they found occurring in 10 of the groups. It may be that the other communities didn’t have enough termite mounds in the area to display the behaviour, or perhaps simply that the cameras didn’t happen to capture any termite fishing.

They carefully noted each element of the termite fishing behaviour from hundreds of video clips to create an ethogram, which consisted of a behaviour profile for each chimpanzee in the study. It turns out there are 38 different technical elements to the practice, all used in different combinations in each of the chimpanzee communities.

Individuals in the same community used more similar techniques compared with chimpanzees from other groups. In other words, there were local cultural differences. “As in human social conventions, you do it as you see others do,” says Boesch.

Chimpanzees in Korup National Park in Cameroon, for example, lean on their elbows to insert sticks into termite mounds and then shake the ends of the sticks with their mouths to get the termites to bite the sticks.

Meanwhile, chimpanzees in the Wonga Wongué National Park in Gabon lie on their sides and insert their sticks without shaking them. When extracting the sticks, they take the termites directly off them with their mouths.

Van Schaik says the study also raises the intriguing possibility of chimp etiquette. Boesch and his team found that neighbouring chimp communities differ in the details of their fishing techniques, even though they exchange members between groups.

It seems that the differences aren’t functional, in that some methods work better in one place than another, but cultural, and that chimps moving to a new community change their methods the better to fit in with their new social group and hasten social acceptance and integration. We don’t yet know whether the chimps feel pressure to conform or if there are punishments or sanctions for nonconformity, says van Schaik.

Journal reference: Nature Human Behaviour, DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-0890-1

by John Haltiwanger

As a musical genre, hip-hop is often denigrated for seemingly condoning misogyny, materialism, violence and crime. But this is an unfair characterization and an overgeneralization.

Yes, there are some rap artists who write songs containing nothing of substance. More often than not, however, hip-hop offers many of us an insightful view into a dark world we’re unfamiliar with: the impoverished inner city.

In this sense, hip-hop has the potential to educate and foster empathy.

To borrow from Jay Z:

I think that hip-hop has done more for racial relations than most cultural icons. Save Martin Luther King, because his dream speech we realized when President Obama got elected.

[Hip-hop] music didn’t only influence kids from urban areas. People listen to this music all around the world, and [they] took to this music.

Once you have people partying, dancing and singing along to the same music, then conversations naturally happen after that.

We all realize that we’re more alike than we’re separate.

Indeed, hip-hop breaches ostensibly impenetrable cultural divides, breeding solidarity among people with disparate backgrounds.

This is precisely why recent albums like Kendrick Lamar’s To Pimp a Butterfly have been widely celebrated and even used by high school teachers to teach lessons about race and oppression.

Beyond enlightening people on race, poverty, the War on Drugs and the inner city, it also appears hip-hop has a hidden benefit as a powerful tool against mental illness.

A study from Cambridge University found that hip-hop is extremely effective in combatting depression, bipolar disorder and addiction.

When you think about the themes hip-hop encompasses, this makes a lot of sense. Many artists rap about overcoming numerous obstacles in the ghetto, from gang violence and poverty to drugs and police brutality.

The overall narrative of hip-hop is one of progress. Artists tell dynamic stories of advancing from deeply oppressive environments to living out their wildest dreams.

Fundamentally, the message of hip-hop is one of hope.

Thus, hip-hop has the effect of “positive visual imagery,” helping people see the light when the whole world feels dark.

In other words, during bipolar episodes or periods of depression, listening to hip-hop can help people visualize or imagine a more positive place and where they’d like to be in the future. In turn, they arrive at a more secure mental state.

The study was conducted by neuroscientist Dr. Becky Inkster and psychiatrist Dr. Akeem Sule.

As Dr. Sule puts it:

Much of hip-hop comes from areas of great socioeconomic deprivation, so it’s inevitable that its lyrics will reflect the issues faced by people brought up in these areas, including poverty, marginalization, crime and drugs.

We can see in the lyrics many of the key risk factors for mental illness, from which it can be difficult to escape.

Hip-hop artists use their skills and talents not only to describe the world they see, but also as a means of breaking free.

We believe that hip-hop, with its rich, visual narrative style, can be used to make therapies that are more effective for specific populations and can help patients with depression to create more positive images of themselves, their situations and their future.

One of the prime examples utilized in the study is that of the Notorious B.I.G.’s “Juicy,” a hip-hop classic.

In the song, Biggie details his rise from deprivation on the harsh streets of Brooklyn to the covers of magazines and a life of affluence. It’s a song about making it against impossible odds.

There are so many other examples like this within the world of hip-hop. From Jay Z’s “On To The Next One” to the more recent Kendrick Lamar track, “i.”

Interestingly enough, not long ago, Lamar stated he penned the song as a form of encouragement and inspiration for prison inmates and suicidal teenagers:

I wrote a record for the homies that’s in the penitentiary right now, and I also wrote a record for these kids that come up to my shows with these slashes on they wrists, saying they don’t want to live no more.

Accordingly, it’s apparent some hip-hop artists are already deliberately attempting to help people with mental illness.

Regardless of the criticism it receives, hip-hop is a form of artistic expression with limitless educative and therapeutic potential.

The rapper Killer Mike has noted there is a commonly held view that hip-hop poses a threat or danger to society, but as he explains:

The kids spending hours per day writing rap songs aren’t a threat to society; they are often trying to escape the threats from society.

It's Interesting

Tag: culture

Chimps have local culture differences when it comes to eating termites

Hip-hop music can improve mental health